Pengaruh Digital Competence, Work From Home, dan Employee Engagement terhadap Kinerja Pegawai melalui Organizational Citizenship Behavior pada Pegawai Kementerian Agama

Donnie Tandian; Mukrodi Mukrodi; Hadi Supratikta

doi:10.55606/makreju.v4i3.4437

Authors

Donnie Tandian Universitas Pamulang
Mukrodi Mukrodi Universitas Pamulang
Hadi Supratikta Universitas Pamulang

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55606/makreju.v4i3.4437

Keywords:

Digital Competence, Employee Engagement, Employee Performance, Organizational Citizenship Behavior, Work From Home

Abstract

This study examines the effects of Digital Competence, Work From Home, and Employee Engagement on Employee Performance through Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) as a mediating variable. The research is motivated by the demands of digital transformation and flexible work arrangements in the public sector, which require adequate digital readiness, sustained engagement, and voluntary work behavior, an area in which empirical evidence on the mediating role of OCB within Indonesian ministerial settings remains limited. A quantitative associative-causal design was applied to 332 employees of the Central Ministry of Religious Affairs in Jakarta, selected from a population of 1,938 employees using Slovin's formula and purposive sampling. Data were collected through Likert-scale questionnaires and analyzed using Partial Least Square–Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with SmartPLS 4.0. The results show that Digital Competence, Work From Home, and Employee Engagement each have a significant positive effect on OCB and on Employee Performance, that OCB significantly affects Employee Performance, and that OCB significantly mediates the effect of the three exogenous variables on performance. The model explains 70.5% of the variance in Employee Performance. These findings suggest that strengthening digital competence, optimizing flexible work practices, and cultivating engagement and citizenship behavior are strategic levers for improving public-sector employee performance.

References

Aggarwal, A., & Mittal, A. (2021). Modeling the effect of organizational justice on employee's well-being, organizational citizenship behavior and turnover intentions. The Open Psychology Journal, 238–248. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874350102114010238

Akbariansyah, Sutrisno, & Handayani, R. (2024). Strategi peningkatan Employee Engagement era VUCA. Historie Media.

Alisan, & Sihabuddin, A. (2024). Literasi media digital dan kompetensi penulisan berita. Bening Media Publishing.

Ariani, D. W. (2013). The relationship between Employee Engagement, organizational citizenship behavior, and counterproductive work behavior. International Journal of Business Administration, 4(2), 46–56. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijba.v4n2p46

Asamoah, C. A., Takyi, K. N., & Klapalov, A. (2026). Dynamic managerial capabilities, digital innovation and perceived financial performance in the banking sector. Scientific African, 31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e03157

Chasanah, S., Indarto, & Santoso, D. (2022). Pengaruh Employee Engagement dan kepemimpinan transformasional terhadap peningkatan kinerja pegawai dengan organizational citizenship behaviour sebagai variabel intervening. Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis, 1(2), 93–105.

Diana, S., & Frianto, A. (2021). Pengaruh perceived organizational support dan Employee Engagement terhadap kinerja karyawan. Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen, 9, 1205–1213.

Dogra, P., & Priyashantha, K. G. (2023). Review of Work From Home empirical research during Covid-19. Asia Pacific Management Review, 28(4), 584–597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmrv.2023.04.003

Ferdinand, A. (2014). Metode penelitian manajemen (5th ed.). Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.

Garson, D. G. (2016). Partial least squares: Regression & structural equation models. Statistical Associates Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1201/b16017-6

Ghozali, I. (2014). Structural equation modeling metode alternatif dengan partial least squares (PLS) (4th ed.). Universitas Diponegoro Semarang.

Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Sage.

Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2018). The results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24.

Hamzah, A. (2019). Metode penelitian & pengembangan. Literasi Nusantara.

Hermawan, H., Thamrin, H. M., & Susilo, P. (2020). Organizational citizenship behavior and performance: The role of Employee Engagement. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 7(12), 1089–1097. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no12.1089

Iskandar, R., Maksum, A., & Marini, A. (2025). Digital citizenship literacy in Indonesia: The role of privacy awareness and social campaigns. Social Sciences & Humanities Open Journal, 12.

Juhaeti, Rahmawati, T., & Santoso, B. (2025). Pengaruh motivasi dan lingkungan kerja terhadap organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB). Penerbit NEM.

Kataria, A., & Garg, P. (2013). Employee Engagement and organizational effectiveness: The role of organizational citizenship behavior. International Journal of Organizational Behaviour & Management Perspectives, 2(3), 471–478.

Khalid, A., Ratnasari, S. L., & Lestari, E. P. (2024). Pengaruh aktualisasi diri, organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), dan Employee Engagement terhadap kinerja pegawai pada Dinas Tenaga Kerja dan Transmigrasi Provinsi Kepulauan Riau. DIMENSI, 13(3), 762–774.

Khatami, Y. H., Kharismasyah, A. Y., & Darmawan, A. (2025). Pengaruh kompetensi dan kecerdasan emosional terhadap kinerja karyawan: Dimediasi organizational citizenship behavior. Jurnal Kajian Ekonomi & Bisnis Islam, 6(3), 1239–1263.

Liu, Z., Chen, C., Cui, H., & Hu, Y. (2023). The relationship between nurses' social network degree centrality and organizational citizenship behavior: The multiple mediating effects of job satisfaction and work engagement. Heliyon, 9(9), e19612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19612

Mahmud, R., Yee, B. L. F. Y., & Pazim, K. H. (2021). A review of working from home (WFH) and work productivity. BIMP-EAGA Journal for Sustainable Tourism Development, 9(1), 1–6.

Mangkunegara, A. A. A. P. (2022). Manajemen sumber daya manusia perusahaan. PT Remaja Rosdakarya.

Marguna, A. M., & Sangiasseri. (2020). Pengaruh kompetensi digital (e-Skills) terhadap kinerja pustakawan di UPT Perpustakaan Universitas Hasanuddin. JUPITER, 17, 104–117.

Nnaji, L. I., Ayanwale, A. M., Ukeje, O. I., Abumchukwu, R., Moses, C., & Onyekachi, E. (2026). Enhancing governance and performance in Nigerian higher education through AI-driven digital transformation. Social Sciences & Humanities Open Journal, 13.

Octaffiani, D., & Violita, E. S. (2022). Religiosity and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) in supporting community engagement during the Covid-19 pandemic: Work From Home (WFH) and work from office (WFO). Journal of Environmental Science and Sustainable Development, 5(2), 243–261.

Parkatti, A., Saari, T., & Tammelin, M. (2026). Framing digital competence in media work – The case of Finland. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 42(13), 15–29. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-02-2022-0040

Pengfei, D., Imran, M., & Hye, A. K. M. (2026). Digital literacy and technostress as dual pathways linking work-from-home practices to employee performance: Evidence from the post-digital workplace. Acta Psychologica, 264, 106458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2026.106458

Peraturan Menteri Pendayagunaan Aparatur Negara dan Reformasi Birokrasi Nomor 7 Tahun 2022 tentang Sistem Kerja pada Instansi Pemerintah untuk Penyederhanaan Birokrasi.

Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 95 Tahun 2018 tentang Sistem Pemerintahan Berbasis Elektronik.

Pratiwi, A., & Rizky, M. C. (2024). Analisis gaya kepemimpinan, Employee Engagement dan kepuasan kerja terhadap kinerja karyawan pada PT Sarana Baja Perkasa Medan. MANEGGIO: Jurnal Ilmiah Magister Manajemen, 7, 161–171.

Rahman, H. A., & Karim, D. N. (2022). Organizational justice and organizational citizenship behavior: The mediating role of work engagement. Heliyon, 8(5), e09450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09450

Rahmawati, A., & Rahmat, M. R. A. (2026). Resilient and sustainable HR systems: The work-from-anywhere (WFA)–organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) nexus in Indonesia's public sector. Journal of Studies in Academic, Humanities, Research and Innovation, 3(1), 406–419.

Rizki, M. F., Sanusi, F., & Khaerunnisa, E. (2024). The influence of Employee Engagement and perceptions of organizational justice on employee performance with organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) as an intervening variable and moderated by transformational leadership. COSTING: Journal of Economic, Business and Accounting, 7(6), 7723–7742. https://doi.org/10.31539/costing.v7

Rombe, M., & Dongoran, J. (2021). Tingkat kinerja karyawan dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kinerja karyawan yang bekerja dari rumah (Work From Home) selama masa pandemi Covid-19. Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sains dan Humaniora, 5(3), 356–362.

Rosli, M. S., Awalludin, M. F. N., Han, C. T., Saleh, N. S., & Noor, H. M. (2024). Unlocking insights: A comprehensive dataset analysis on the acceptance of computational thinking skills among undergraduate university students. Data in Brief, 54, 110463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2024.110463

Rusmayanti, P. A., Martini, N. N. P., & Qomariah, N. (2022). The effect of competence and job satisfaction on organizational citizenship behavior and employee performance. International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI), 11(1), 21–29. https://doi.org/10.35629/8028-1101012129

Sridadi, A. R., Rizki, A., & Gunawan, D. R. (2022). The mediating role of work engagement: A survey data on organizational citizenship behavior. Data in Brief, 42, 108243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2022.108243

Sugiyono. (2014). Metode penelitian manajemen. Alfabeta.

Surat Edaran Sekretaris Jenderal Kementerian Agama Nomor SE.12 Tahun 2025 tentang Efisiensi Anggaran Kementerian Agama Tahun 2025 dan Efektivitas Pelaksanaan Tugas dan Fungsi Kementerian Agama.

Sutrisno, E. R., Handayani, S., & Wibowo, A. (2022). Pelaksanaan sistem kerja Work From Home bagi Aparatur Sipil Negara. Uwais Inspirasi Indonesia.

Verma, A. (2022). Understanding organisational commitment and organisational citizenship behaviour in context of Work From Home virtual leadership during Covid-19 pandemic in India. Journal of Organisation and Human Behaviour, 11(1), 1–10.

Wiegand, J. P., & Morgan, T. J. (2025). Strive to fit: Person, vocation, and organization strivings' impact on Employee Engagement and job performance. Personality and Individual Differences, 246, 113370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2025.113370